Computer Graphics Survey

User Interface Basics (and Text Entry)

Using PageMaker 6.0 on MacOS 8 Computers

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Before beginning the project

Tutorial Description

• Adobe PageMaker is one of the two most widely used page layout programs (the other one being QuarkXPress). It was first released by the Aldus corporation in the summer of 1985, marking the beginning of desktop publishing. Adobe purchased Aldus in 1995 and in recent upgrades added several tools for electronic publishing, besides updating the traditional print media features. This is especially useful for people looking to repurpose existing material for the World-Wide Web.
  • For our project, after some preliminary set-up, we will use PageMaker's extensive type editing capabilities to enter text. As you progress, you may also want to edit text already entered. Finally, we will conclude the session by terminating PageMaker and backing up our work. In addition to this document, there will be other information regarding PageMaker available to you.
  • In later project sessions, we will use the electronic publishing additions to create the HTML skeleton of a web page incorporating the text we entered.

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Setting Up for Work

• Start up the computer. For this beginner tutorial, we will assume that all the hardware and software involved is already installed and configured properly.
  • Most current Macintoshes are started up by pressing the Power key, marked by a triangle symbol (exact placement on each keyboard may vary).
    
    • If the Power key is pressed when the computer is already on, a dialog box appears asking whether you want to shut down or restart the computer (or possibly put it in sleep mode). If you want to continue using the computer, click on Cancel.
  • Also, most current Macs support power-conservation features. Depending on various settings, a display and/or entire computer which appear to be off may be in sleep mode.
    • If only the display is sleeping, moving the mouse or pressing a key will awaken it. If the entire computer is asleep, you must press a key.
• As it starts up, the computer will change its display repeatedly. Wait for it to settle down to a stable configuration showing a white band with menu titles (the Menu Bar) at the top of the screen, one or more disk icons near the right margin, and a trash can icon at the bottom-right corner. The background of the display is called the desktop.
  • Other items (windows), may appear across the desktop, and can be ignored for our purposes.
  • If the computer was sleeping, it will be immediately ready to work. To ensure that enough memory is available, use the icon menu at the very end of the menu bar, on the right (Application Menu) to check that only the 'Finder' is running.
    • If other programs appear in the Application Menu, you can choose their names in turn to activate them, then use the Quit command in their File menu to terminate them.
• Find/create a convenient storage location for your work
  • While working on your project, you will want to make use of the fastest storage device hooked up to your computer, the hard drive. This is typically also the startup disk, and consequently appears at the top-right corner of the desktop.
    
    • This is still useful even if at the end of the project you will need to copy your files to a removable device (such as a floppy disk) to take your work with you. The slightly longer set-up and strike-down procedures are more than offset by the amount of time saved while working.
  • You also want to be able to access quickly the storage location. The most convenient place is right on the desktop, because it is only one click away in both the Open and Save dialog boxes.
    • To create a folder on the desktop for your work, click once on any desktop icon (the startup disk will do) to select it, then use the Finder's File-->New Folder command.
• Find and launch the program PageMaker.
  
  • If you are unsure about PageMaker's location on the hard drive, you can search for it using the Find File program (in the Apple menu).
• Use the File-->New command to create a blank new document. You can leave the Document Setup settings at the default values by clicking OK.
  
• Immediately copy your document to disk for safekeeping, using the menu command File-->Save. The recommended location for this and other documents is in the folder that you created on the desktop.
  
  • Remember to use File-->Save early and often from now on to keep your work from disappearing should disaster strike.

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Enter Text

• Click on the the Text tool (marked with a capital 'T" in the toolbox).
  
• Drag to draw a box within the document window. This creates a text column--a portion of the page where you can put type.
  
• The box disappears as soon as you release the mouse button. You will see a flashing bar where the upper-left corner of the box was--this is the text insertion point (the location where anything you type will be placed). Go ahead and start entering the text for your web page.
  
• Notice that the type is very small. It is so small that PageMaker replaces it with a grey bar (called greeking) instead of wasting time displaying type you could not read anyway. To read your type, change the display magnification using Layout-->View-->Actual Size.
  
• You are currently looking at the Layout View of your PageMaker document. For more convenient text entry, switch to the Story Editor using Edit-->Edit Story. You can return to the Layout View at any time by closing the Story Editor window. The story Editor also makes available commands to check spelling and to search and replace text (both in the Utilities menu).
  

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Edit Text

• Selecting Text
  • In general, Macintosh software requires that you first select an item (such as a piece of text); then use a menu command or tool to alter the selected item.
  • The simplest way to select text is to drag the Text tool over it:
    • Make sure the Text ('T') tool is selected in the toolbox.
    • Click and hold the mouse button at the beginning of the text to be selected.
    • While holding down the mouse button, move the pointer to the end of the text to be selected. Note that you don't have to drag across each line of text--you can simply drag down or up to your destination.
    • Release the mouse button, leaving the text highlighted. Highlighting appears either as reverse type (white on black), or as a colored background for the type, depending on the settings in the Color control panel.
  • A faster way to select specific text elements is through multiple clicks of the text tool:
    • Virtually all programs support double-clicking on a word to select it (double-clicking is two clicks in rapid succession at the same location).
    • Some programs will also support triple-, quadruple-, quintuple-clicking to select entire lines, paragraphs, or stories (a series of linked paragraphs).
  • When selecting a very large amnount of text (several pages), dragging while selecting can be very slow. Instead, use the Shift key to extend the selection:
    • Click the mouse button at the beginning of the text to be selected.
    • While pressing the Shift key, click the mouse button at the end of the text to be selected. All the text between the locations of the first and the second click will be highlighted.
    • Shift-clicking can also be used to extend or reduce an existing selection.
• Cut-and-paste
  • Once text is selected, it can be re-arranged and formatted. The process of re-arranging text is commonly accomplished by cutting and pasting through the Clipboard.
  • The first step in cut-and-paste involves placing the selected text on the Clipboard. This is accomplished by two commands found in the Edit menu: Cut and Copy.
    • The difference between Cut and Copy is that the former removes the selection from its original location, while the latter leaves a copy behind.
  • Once the text is on the Clipboard, you can reposition the insertion point by clicking at the new location with the Text tool. Finally, the Paste command in the Edit menu will retrieve the content of the clipboard and place it at the insertion point.
  • Pasting does not remove the item from the Clipboard, so it can be pasted multiple times. However, any use of the Cut or Copy commands will displace whatever is currently on the Clipboard.
  • Since the commands for cut-and-paste are used frequently, you might want to note their keyboard equivalents:
    • Command-X for Cut
    • Command-C for Copy
    • Command-V for Paste
    • These keyboard commands, as well as Command-Z for Undo, are standard across all Macintosh applications.

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Winding Down

• When done, use File-->Quit to exit PageMaker.
  • If no other programs were running on the computer, you will be returned to the Finder. Otherwise, you may have to select the Finder from the Application menu (the icon at the far right of the menu bar).
• Back up your file
  • Insert a 3.5 inch, High Density floppy disk (metal shutter forward, label side up) into the floppy drive slot in the front of the computer.
  • Shortly afterwards, a floppy disk icon will appear on the desktop.
    • If instead you see a message saying that the disk cannot be read--and only if you are sure there is no valuable information on the disk--click the 'Initialize' button in the dialog. The initialization process prepares the disk for use, and may take a couple of minutes. At the end of this process the floppy disk icon will appear on the desktop.
  • Drag the icon of your folder on the desktop (containing your file) to the floppy disk icon. A message with a progress bar will appear, reporting that your folder and file are being read off the hard drive and written to the floppy disk.
  • When the copy completes, drag the floppy disk icon to the Trash icon. This ejects the disk and removes its icon from the desktop.
  • To ward against possible accidents, repeat the same steps to copy your folder and file to a second backup disk.
• Shut down or send to sleep the computer
  • Both commands are in the Special menu of the Finder.

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Additional Information

• Online help for PageMaker is available through the Help menu.
• Adobe maintains a PageMaker help page on the web.

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Notes

Desktop Publishing Beginnings

• In the mid-80s, along with the introduction, at approximately the same time, of the Apple Macintosh and Adobe's PostScript page description language (incorporated in the original Apple LaserWriter), the program PageMaker gave impetus to the use of inexpensive computers for graphic design applications.
• The name Desktop Publishing (DTP) highlights the extensive control over the publishing workflow given to the designer, at his/her studio. In traditional publishing, the designer would use the services of many different businesses in the course of designing and producing a layout. This resulted in delays, increased costs, and fewer creative opportunities. As DTP evolved, more and more of these services were brought in-house and condensed into powerful programs such as PageMaker.

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Electronic Publishing

• Indicates the circulation of information as computer files. Instead of being printed and distributed on paper, text and graphics are output as HTML Web Pages, Acrobat Portable Documents, and other formats--and viewed directly on the computer screen.
• Some of the benfits deriving from this approach are:
  • Much shorter lead time for revisions. In effect, the notion of periodic issues often disappears, as a web site can be updated on a continuous basis.
  • Generally lower upfront costs. Economies of scale (large print runs) are no longer needed to bring down a unit cost which, for web page hits, is essentially negligible. Ease of workflow automation may also lower operating costs.
  • Ease of customization of the final product, potentially yielding a unique experience for each individual user. Viewers themselves have extensive control over what they see and how they see it.
  • Far-reaching circulation at little or no extra cost. A compact disc condenses reams of paper into a highly portable object. A web site automatically acquires a global reach.
  • Greater variety of communication modes--besides text and still images, electronic publications can incorporate motion pictures, sound, three-dimensional simulations, and interactive elements.
• Against these benefits, electronic publishing still suffers from a relatively small potential audience--due to the equipment, skills, and access required of viewers. This small audience is often further fragmented by divergent industry standards.

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Re-arranging Text

• Besides cut-and-paste, several programs support drag-and-drop text editing as well.
  • You can tell that drag-and-drop is available by placing the pointer on top of highlighted text: if the I-beam turns to an arrow, you can drag-and-drop the text selection.
• To move text with drag-and-drop, simply click and hold the mouse button when the arrow pointer is over the selected text, then drag to the new location. As the pointer moves, the insertion bar will move as well to indicate the exact location of dropped text. Release the mouse button to drop the text.
• To copy text with drag-and-drop, follow the same process described for moving, but keep the Option key pressed. Make sure to release the mouse button before releasing the Option key.

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Keyboard Equivalents

• The keyboard equivalent of a command performs the same action as the menu command itself, but does not require that you take your hands off the keyboard to use the mouse.
• You can look up the keyboard equivalent for any command directly in the pull-down menus. The keyboard equivalent (if available) is listed alongside the command as one or more modifier key symbols followed by a letter.
  • To activate the command, press and hold down the modifier key(s), press and release the letter key, release the modifier key(s).
• Some programs may also support keyboard equivalents for commands and tools in palettes and button bars. There is no standard way to indicate these keyboard equivalents on the screen--you will have to look them up in the program's documentation.

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Modifier Keys

• A modifier key has no effect when pressed by itself. Its purpose is to change the operation of the mouse or the other keys.
• Current Macintosh keyboards include the following modifier keys (note that the exact placement and number of keys may vary with different keyboard models):
  • Command
    
    • Also known as the Apple key, since on some keyboards it bears an apple symbol.
    • This is a Macintosh-specific key, not found on other types of computers.
    • Its primary purpose is to activate commands from the keyboard (command-key equivalents).
    • In many drawing programs, the Command key will temporarily switch to the selection tool so that the drawing in progress can be modified.
    • For command-key equivalents, the Command key is indicated in menus by a unique symbol variously known as 'propeller', 'clover', 'splat', and more... The same symbol appears on the keyboard.
      
  • Shift
    
    • Capitalizes letters and yields the special characters listed in the top half of number and punctuation keys.
    • Used in conjunction with a selection operation, it adds or removes items from the selection. For instance--in the Finder, Shift-clicking on an icon selects that icon without deselecting other icons already selected.
    • Used with drawing and editing tools in most graphics programs, it constrains the operation of the tool. For example, using the ellipse drawing tool while holding the Shift key down yields a circle.
    • For command-key equivalents, the Shift key is indicated in menus by an arrow pointing up.
      
  • Caps Lock
    
    • Like the Shift key, it will capitalize letters. Unlike the Shift key, it will not yield the special characters listed in the top half of number and punctuation keys.
    • The Caps Lock key is not the same as the Shift key in command-key equivalents (i.e., Shift-Command-4 is not the same as Caps Lock-Command-4). While it may be occasionally used in activating commands, there is no standard symbol to indicate Caps Lock in menus.
  • Option
    
    • This is a Macintosh-specific key, not found on other types of computers.
    • Its primary purpose is to type letters and symbols from the (extended character set). These additional letters are needed to enter text in some languages other than English.
    • Used in conjunction with many drag operations, the Option key causes the object being dragged to be copied rather than moved.
    • For command-key equivalents, the Option key is indicated in menus by a switch symbol.
      
  • Control
    
    • This key is absent in the oldest Macintosh keyboards. In the current (8.1) version of the MacOS, Control-clicking brings up the Contextual Menu--a list of the commands most appropriate to the current selection.
    • This key is also used in complex programs to extend the number of available keyboard combinations.
    • For command-key equivalents, the Control key is indicated in menus by a caret (or inverted 'V') symbol.
      

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Extended Character Set

• The characters (letters, numbers, punctuation, and other symbols) available to type with are called the character set of the computer.
• The most widely used standard for character sets is called ASCII. Because of various historical circumstances, the ASCII standard only specifies a set of 128 characters, while the character sets used by current computer systems comprise twice as many characters.
  • The character set for a given type of computer remains consistent for most text typefaces. Display, ornamental, and other special fonts may have character sets of their own.
• The characters on any given computer system which are not covered by the ASCII standard (i.e., the second group of 128 characters) is called the extended character set for that computer.
  • An unfortunate consequence of the inadequate scope of the ASCII standard is that characters in the extended set will change from computer to computer. Even if the same character is available on different computers, it is likely encoded in incompatible ways on each of them.
    • Because of this incompatibility, text that may be read on many different computers (such as e-mail and web pages) should contain only characters from the ASCII set (unless additional steps are taken to ensure the proper conversion between different encodings).
  • The significance of the extended character set is that, in addition to providing additional symbols for purposes such as math formulas and currencies, it contains the letters needed to enter text in a number of other languages (besides English) which use the Latin alphabet.
  • The languages using the Latin alphabet are mostly those originating in Western Europe. This means that even the extended character set is inadequate to represent many of the world's languages, especially those requiring a very large number of characters (such as the languages of China). A new standard called Unicode solves this problem by specifying many thousands of characters in all known alphabets.
    • Unicode is still not widely implemented in current computer systems. The ASCII standard remains the only standard usable with virtually all software.
• On Macintoshes, you can find out how to type any one character (including those in the extended character set) by using the Key Caps program (available through the Apple menu).
  • The Key Caps window shows a diagram of the keyboard currently connected to the computer. When modifier keys are pressed, alone or in combination, the diagram changes to show the characters accessed through those modifiers.
  • Most characters can be obtained by holding down some combination of modifier keys and pressing an additional key. For some letters with diacriticals (letters with special marks above them, such as 'ñ' and 'Ü'), a two-step technique called dead keys is used:
    • Hold down the Option key and look for the keys surrounded by a checkerboard border, for instance '~' (which is in the same location where 'n' is when all modifiers are released).
      
    • While holding Option down, press the key with the diacritical. Notice that no text appears.
      
    • Release the Option key. All the letters that can be typed in conjunction with the diacritical mark you pressed earlier appear highlighted.
      
    • Complete the process by pressing the key with diacritical you require. Only now a character is added to the text.
      
      • The highlighted letters can be capitalized (retaining the diacritical mark) by using the Shift key.
    • The completion of the dead-key entry resets the keyboard, and the letters with diacriticals are replaced by their plain counterparts.
  • To see how character sets vary from font to font, choose a typeface from the Key Caps menu.
    • In rare instances, some characters of the same typeface may change as the type size changes. This cannot be seen in Key Caps, which always shows the same size characters.

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On ACG Lab computers, the program PageMaker is in the hard drive, inside the DTP folder.

If you do not have a floppy disk for saving yor file, make sure to contact the instructor before you leave. Never walk away from a lab computer leaving your files on the hard drive--they will soon be deleted.

Detailed instruction on all aspects of PageMaker's use is available through the Art Computer Graphics program of Fullerton College in course ACG140-Desktop Publishing I. Look it up in the ACG Class Schedule.

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