Computer Graphics Survey

Animation Visuals Timeline

Using Director 5.0.1 on MacOS Computers

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Before beginning the project

Tutorial Goals

• To complete the visuals of our animation project, we take the pictures (cast members) created and/or imported in the previous session, and arrange them on a timeline (called the Score).
• We again primarily use Director's animation features, but we also add an element of programming from the interactive authoring features:
  • First we verify the initial setup of the program.
  • Several foreground moving objects can then be arranged on the Stage to establish their motion path.
  • Next, we place on the timeline a background picture. This element remains in the same position on the stage throughout the animation.
  • Finally, we write a brief script using Lingo to make sure the animation continues to play indefinitely once it is displayed in our web page.
• At the end of the tutorial, your Director file will contain all the visual information necessary for the animation.
  • Save this file--in later tutorials we will add sound to go with the images.
  • We are also postponing the conversion to Shockwave format until after the soundtrack is included. For the time being, therefore, our animation is still not ready to be posted on the web.

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Basic Setup

• Once again, use the Control Strip to check that the computer display is set to 256 colors.
• Find and restart Director, then use File-->Open to retrieve the animation file you started to work on last time.
• Make sure the windows required for this stage of the project are open: Cast, Control Panel, and Score. Use the Window menu if necessary to open them.
  
• Place your background image, so it can be used as a reference to position other elements.
  • Click on the thumbnail of the background cast member in the Cast window, and drag it to the first cell of the Score (the intersection of frame 1 and channel 1).
    
  • Dragging to the Score will automatically center the cast member's image on the Stage, which is generally appropriate for the background image.
• As always, make sure to save your work as you go along, using the File-->Save command.

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Foreground Moving Image

• Drag the first in the sequence of pictures of your animated character to the Stage. Dragging to the Stage allows you to place the character at a specific position in the frame. The number of the cast member (02 for the example pictured below) will appear in the next available channel of the Score, at the current frame.
  
• To eliminate the white box around the picture of the animated character, choose 'Background Transparent' from the Ink menu in the left margin of the Score window. Note: this will make all white pixels in the cast member transparent: if this does not work for your picture, try 'Matte' instead.
  
  • Most other inks can be used for special effects, but many of them will slow down the animation.
• Continue to drag pictures of the animated character to the stage to indicate the path of its motion (don't forget to change the Ink setting as appropriate).
  • For a looping animation (one that will keep playing indefinitely), you would want the first and last pictures to be located in the same part of the frame.
  • In addition, make sure to alternate the pictures with the different positions of the animated character (in the example below, the hummingbird with wings raised alternates with the hummingbird with wings lowered).
    
• In the Score, you will find a column of entries referring to the cast members you just dragged.
  • Make sure the Display menu at the bottom left of the window is set to Member, then check that the cast member numbers alternate properly. In the example, 02 (wings up) alternates with 03 (wings down).
  • Click and drag to select all the entries for the animated character (make sure you do notselect the first cell, used for the background).
    
• Use the Modify-->Space to Time command. In the dialog, leave the number of frames of Separation set to 1, then click OK.
  
• The pictures of the animated character are now arranged in consecutive frames. If you play the animation (Control-->Play), you will see the character move.
  
  • To better judge the effectiveness of the animation, you may want it to play back repeatedly. Director continues to play the animation indefinitely if Loop Playback is checked in the Control menu. Use Control-->Stop when done watching the animation.
  • Notice, however, that the background flashes on and off. We will fix this problem in the following steps.

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Background Still Image

• The background flashes because it is only visible in the first frame of the animation. To replicate the background picture in all the frames of the animation, option-drag its entry from the first frame of the first channel to the last frame (frame 8 in the example) of the first channel. This will create a copy of the background picture in the last frame.
  
• Shift-click on the first frame of the first channel. This will select all the first channel frames of the animation.
  
• Use the command Modify-->Inbetween to fill in all selected frames with copies of the background picture. If you play the animation now, you will see that the background image stays on for the duration of the animation.
  

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Write Script

• While you can force the animation to repeat with Control-->Loop Playback (as mentioned earlier), this setting won't be retained in the final Shockwave file. Programming (also known as scripting) gets around this problem.
• A script is created by typing appropriate instructions in a special text window called the Script window.
  • Double-click on the intersection of the last frame of the animation and the Script channel (the first one above channel one). This will open the Script window.
    
• In the Script window you will see some text already entered for you. The insertion bar is flashing at the beginning of the second, blank line, sandwiched between on exitFrame and end. Without moving the insertion point, type:
  go to frame 1
  
  
  • When done, press the Enter key (on the keypad, not the Return key) to close the Script window. Notice that a new item representing the script has been added to the Internal Cast window.
  • Inclusive of the statements already in the window, this is a very brief program which causes playback to resume from frame 1 whenever the last frame completes.
• If the program was entered correctly (exact spelling is absolutely essential), the animation will continue indefinitely whenever played, regardless of whether Control-->Loop Playback is checked or not. Again, use Control-->Stop when done.

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Notes

Lingo

• Lingo is the language used to write programs as part of Director documents. The scope of these programs ranges from simple playback control (as in our loop example) to complex responses to viewer interaction.
• Lingo programs are called scripts (and Lingo a scripting language) to highlight differences from general-purpose programming languages. Another terminology for this difference distinguishes between higher-level languages (such as Lingo), and lower-level languages (such as Java, Pascal, C and--further down on this scale--Assembly Language).
  • In general, a high-level language tries to conform more closely to the way the programmer expresses him/herself, while a low-level language is closer to the actual code (Machine Language) used by the computer processor.
  • The biggest trade-off between high- and low-level languages is ease of programming versus performance.
    • A high-level language can achieve in a few short statements effects that would require many complicated constructs in low-level languages.
    • A low-level language affords enough control to optimize the program for fast execution, small size, or both.
  • Other trade-offs may involve generality (most high-level languages are effective only for specific uses, like interactive multimedia); availability (scripting languages are often tied to application software like Director, and/or are confined to some types of computers); stability (general-purpose low-level languages are regulated by international standards and evolve gradually).
• Other scripting languages that a multimedia author might encounter are HyperTalk (tied to the Macintosh multimedia program HyperCard), and JavaScript (implemented in web browsers to allow greater interaction with web pages).
  • There are also a number of system-level scripting languages (such as AppleScript and Frontier on the Mac, the various Unix shells, and Perl across platforms) which are used to control combinations of other programs. These languages may be important to Internet-based multimedia projects, since they can automate the creation of web pages and the operation of web sites.

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Score

• The score is arranged in vertical columns or frames (sequential moments in time) and horizontal rows or channels.
  • The channels in turn are divided into image channels (numbered 1 through 48) which represent the layering of images in the animation (with number 1 appearing behind all others); and special-purpose channels for such things as sounds and timing commands.
• As visual items are placed in the Score, they also appear on the Stage (the window showing the actual animation). Stage and Score are just two different ways to look at the same animation layout, and each is automatically updated when a change is made to the other.

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Motion

• The spacing of the images of an animated object determines the quality of the motion.
• Assuming the playback rate remains the same, wider spacing between images determines faster motion.
  • The playback rate (expressed in frames per second, or fps) can only be adjusted within narrow limits. A very high frame rate cannot be sustained by slower computers, and a very low frame rate makes the animation appear jerky.
• If the spacing changes, the speed of the motion will change as well. This can be used to impart a more realistic appearance to the action.
  • An object which suddenly sets off at a constant speed feels very unnatural. A better approach is to speed up the motion gradually by progressively increasing the spacing between pictures. In animation jargon this is known as ease in.
  • Likewise, slowing down until coming to a stop (ease out) is more effective than a moving object abruptly becoming still.
  • The rate of speed change suggests to the viewer how heavy the object is. Lighter items pick up and loose speed more quickly.

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Programming

• A program is a list of actions to be performed by the computer.
• The program runs (or executes) in response to an event registered by the computer.
  • For instance, the program Director runs in response to a double-click on its icon. The simple program included in this tutorial runs whenever the end of the animation is reached.
• The order in which the various actions are taken, and the specifics of their operation, may change at runtime (e.g., each time the program is fed through the computer).
  • This flexibility lets a program adapt to different conditions without rewrites, and is essential for interactivity.

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On ACG Lab computers, the program Director is on the hard drive, inside the Multimedia folder.

After completing this step of the project, make sure to copy your updated Director file to your floppy disks. This file will be needed again for subsequent steps of the project.

If you wish to look at Director animations elsewhere on the Internet, make sure to use Netscape Communicator, which is configured with the required plugin. Links to many such examples are available on the Macromedia, Inc. Web site. A number of these samples include interactive hotspots you can click to change the animation. Interactivity is primarily implemented through Lingo programming.

The Art Computer Graphics program of Fullerton College offers two classes which cover Lingo and other Director topics in greater detail, ACG162-Intro to Multimedia for Macintosh and ACG164-Multimedia Authoring. Look them up in the ACG Class Schedule.

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